An introduction to artificial intelligence

Janet Finlay & Alan Dix

[目次]

• KNOWLEDGE IN AI Overview Introduction Representing Knowledge Metrics for Assessing Knowledge Representation Schemes Logic Representations Procedural Representation Network Representations Structured Representations General Knowledge The Frame Problem Knowledge Elicitation Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading REASONING Overview What is Reasoning? Forward and Backward Reasoning Reasoning with Uncertainty Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading SEARCH Introduction Exhaustive Search and Simple Pruning Heuristic Search Knowledge-Rich Search Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading MACHINE LEARNING Overview Why Do We Want Machine Learning? How Machines Learn Deductive Learning Inductive Learning Explanation-Based Learning Example: Query-by-Browsing Summary Recommended Further Reading GAME PLAYING Overview Introduction Characteristics of Game Playing Standard Games Non-Zero-Sum Games and Simultaneous Play The Adversary is Life! Probability Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading EXPERT SYSTEMS Overview What Are Expert Systems? Uses of Expert Systems Architecture of an Expert System Examples of Four Expert Systems Building an Expert System Limitations of Expert Systems Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING Overview What is Natural Language Understanding? Why Do We Need Natural Language Understanding? Why Is Natural Language Understanding Difficult? An Early Attempt at Natural Language Understanding: SHRDLU How Does Natural Language Understanding Work? Syntactic Analysis Semantic Analysis Pragmatic Analysis Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading Solution to SHRDLU Problem COMPUTER VISION Overview Introduction Digitization and Signal Processing Edge Detection Region Detection Reconstructing Objects Identifying Objects Multiple Images Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading PLANNING AND ROBOTICS Overview Introduction Global Planning Local Planning Limbs, Legs, and Eyes Practical Robotics Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading AGENTS Overview Software Agents Co-operating Agents and Distributed AI Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading MODELS OF THE MIND Overview Introduction What is the Human Mind? Production System Models Connectionist Models of Cognition Summary Exercises Recommended Further Reading Notes EPILOGUE: PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ISSUES Overview Intelligent Machines or Engineering Tools? What Is Intelligence? Computational Argument vs. Searle's Chinese Room Who Is Responsible? Morals and Emotions Social Implications Summary Recommended Further Reading

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